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Navigating Confusing Medical Bills

What your bill is and what it is not

An Explanation of Benefits is not a bill

If you have insurance, the plan sends an Explanation of Benefits after a claim processes. It shows what was billed, what the plan allowed, what the plan paid, and what you may owe. It is a helpful record to compare against any later bill, but it is not a request for payment.

A Medicare Summary Notice is not a bill

If you have Original Medicare, you receive a Medicare Summary Notice about every four months. It lists services and what Medicare paid. Use it to check claims and costs before paying any provider bill.

First steps when a bill arrives

  1. Pause before paying. Give yourself time to review the bill, your Explanation of Benefits or Medicare Summary Notice, and any estimates you received. CMS provides plain language guides on reading both EOBs and medical bills.
  2. Gather your documents. Collect the bill, your EOB or MSN, any Good Faith Estimate you requested or received, and discharge paperwork if applicable.
  3. Ask for an itemized bill. Request a detailed list that shows each service, date, quantity, and code. This makes it easier to spot errors like duplicate charges or services you did not receive, and to compare against your insurance documents.
  4. Compare allowed amounts. Match each line on the itemized bill to the EOB or MSN. Confirm that billed services, dates, and quantities align with what your plan allowed.
  5. Check network status and your rights. For most emergency care and for certain care at an in network facility, federal rules limit out of network balance billing.
  6. Look at any Good Faith Estimate. If you are uninsured or not using insurance and your final bill is at least four hundred dollars more than the estimate, you may be able to dispute it.
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How to compare your documents

Match key fields

Look at patient name, dates of service, place of service, provider names, and billed codes. On the EOB or MSN, check the allowed amount, plan payment, and what the provider says you owe. Differences here often explain most surprises.

Verify the services

Use the itemized bill to confirm that each service or supply listed actually happened. Pay special attention to quantities, facility fees, observation charges, and high cost items like imaging or infusions. If something does not look right, call the billing office and your plan using the reference numbers on the documents. CMS offers practical “how to read” guidance for both bills and EOBs.

Common issues you can catch early

  1. Services you did not receive or wrong dates.
  2. Duplicate charges for the same item or test.
  3. Wrong quantity of a drug, supply, or therapy session.
  4. Out of network charges applied when you used an in network facility for services covered by federal protections.
  5. A final bill that does not match a Good Faith Estimate by at least four hundred dollars when you did not use insurance.

Your rights that can lower or erase a bill

Surprise billing protections

The No Surprises Act protects people with most group or individual plans from many out of network surprise bills. Protections generally apply to emergency care, certain non emergency services from out of network clinicians at an in network hospital or ambulatory surgical center, and air ambulance services.

Good Faith Estimate and disputes

If you did not use insurance, you can request a Good Faith Estimate before scheduled care. If the final bill is at least four hundred dollars more than the estimate, you may be able to use the patient provider dispute process.

Important exception for ground ambulances

Federal surprise billing protections do not generally cover ground ambulance services, although some states have their own rules. Check your state resources if you get a ground ambulance bill.

If a provider or plan is not following the rules

You can submit a complaint to federal agencies through the CMS medical bill rights pages.

If the bill still looks wrong, take these steps

  1. Call your health plan. Ask for a claim review and have your EOB, itemized bill, and any estimate in front of you.
  2. Call the provider billing office. Ask them to put the account on hold while they investigate and to send a corrected bill if needed.
  3. Appeal in Medicare or with your plan. If Medicare or your Medicare Advantage plan denies coverage or applies costs you believe are wrong, you can file an appeal. Instructions are on your MSN or in your plan materials, and Medicare provides step by step guidance.
  4. Keep good records. Save copies of bills, EOBs, MSNs, estimates, letters, and notes from calls. For tax purposes, the IRS generally advises keeping records that support deductions for three years.
Your story is bigger than pain. We can help find relief.
Your story is bigger than pain. We can help find relief.

Financial help if you cannot pay

If the bill is from a nonprofit hospital, federal tax rules require a written Financial Assistance Policy and reasonable efforts to determine eligibility before extraordinary collection actions. Ask for a copy of the policy and the application. Hospitals must also limit charges for people who qualify.

How an Understood Care advocate helps by video

On a video call, you can share your bill and we review it with you line by line. Together, we decide whether it is something you truly need to pay. Many statements are generated by computer and some are sent in error, so people sometimes pay when they do not have to. We focus on keeping your money in your pocket and out of a provider account when payment is not appropriate. If a correction or appeal is needed, we help you contact the billing office and your plan, request an itemized bill, and organize the paperwork so that everything is done correctly and in a way that fits your needs.

Related Understood Care resources you can use today
Analyze Bills support page
Appointments and care coordination
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What to bring to your video review

  1. The bill and any prior statements.
  2. Your EOB or Medicare Summary Notice.
  3. Any Good Faith Estimate.
  4. Notes about what happened during your visit or stay.
  5. Your insurance card and plan contact information.

When to seek urgent help

Call your plan and your provider quickly if you see billing for services you did not receive, identity mix ups, or collections threats while an appeal or dispute is open. If you are a Medicare beneficiary and a denial affects access to ongoing care or needed equipment, start the appeal process promptly and ask your advocate to help you gather supporting documents.

References

This content is for education only and does not replace professional medical advice. If you have trouble breathing, chest pain, sudden confusion, or another emergency, call emergency services.

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